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* General Relativity and Quantum Theory are
not completed theories. There are deficiencies in the theories which sho that better theories will be needed. In the
case of General Relativity there's no prescripcion for how
things connect up on the large scale, i.e. G. R. does not give us a complete model of the universe (when we look out to
great distances in one direction in the universe, we have no idea how or whether this connects up with the opposite direction
on the sky... In the case of Quantum Theory, we do not know how
to interpret the probabilistic nature of the predictions of the theory, e.g. is the universe probabilistic in nature?
Einstein refused this idea. One interpretation of the theory says
that is the process of observation that gives reality to the mathematical functions that express these probabilities,
so that the universe needs observers to become real... In 1929, Edwin Hubble
was to show that the universe is expanding.
| Hubble.com |
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* 1929: Hubble
discovered the expansion of the universe. The galaxies are
moving away from us. The importance of Hubble's discovery is a milestone in human history comparable to Copernicu's proof
that the sun is the centre of the solar system. We live in an expanding universe and today improved estimates put
the expansion time-scale at 10-20 billion years, compared to the earth's age of 4.5 billion years and the age of our Milky
Way galaxy of 10-15 billion years.
* The Evolution of the Universe: The four
fundamental forces (electromagnetical, weak and strong nuclear forces, and gravity) are believed to have been unified
in a single force. When gravity separates out, the strong nuclear force separates from the 'electroweak' force and inflation
begins. The matter in the universe consists of a 'soup' of quarks (building blocks of protons, neutrons and electrons),
but the dominant form of energy is radiation. When the universe
is 1 second old, the quarks bend together to make protons and neutrons, and the weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces
separate. Nucleosynthesis begins and continues until the universe is about 3 seconds old. When the universe is 300,000
years old, the matter cools to become transparent to radiation and galaxies and clusters of galaxies can begin to form...
At the moment the model of the inflationary universe, despite
the inmense effort put into it by the theoreticians, remains a fascinating but rather metaphysical speculation since
it cannot come up with concrete predictions.
| IRAS-Iraki-Alcock |
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* April 26th, 1983: Closest
comet to Earth for 200 years. At 7 million Kms, comet IRAS-Iraki-Alcock passed
at less than 20 times the distance of the moon. Its tail stretched out behind some 400,000 Kms. When the orbit of the comet
was first calculated, it was not certain it would miss the earth. 2 weeks later the comet become visible to the naked eye.
The nucleus was 10 Kms across, with a mass of a million tons. Had it hit the earth, there would have been an immense catastrophe
comparable to the one believed to have put and end to the age of the dinosaurs. The comet would have dug a crater 20
Kms across and spreaded immense amounts of dust into the atmosphere, sufficient to blot out the sun over much of the earth
fo many months...
| CRATER IMPACTS ON EARTH - COSMIC COLLISIONS.COM |
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| SWIFT-TUTTLE |
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* There will be a worrying moment in 2126 when comet Swift-Tottec,
which crossed the earth's orbit in 1992, returns. On that occassion it's predicted to cross the earth's orbit on July 11th,
2126, at 60-70Km/sec... In January 1993, a group of astronomers, physicists an engineers met in Tucson, Arizona, to discuss
'Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids'. They proposed a net work
of telescopes, 'Spaceguard', dedicated to discovering and tracking bodies of earth-crossing orbits. NASA has seriously
explored the idea of hundreds of orbiting nuclear warheads as a defence against near-earth asteroids.
* The discovery of microwave
background radiation by Penzias and Wilson
in 1965 was one of the most important and unnexpected astronomical discoveries of the last century. The discovery showed
that we live in a Big Bang universe, dominated in its early stages by radiation... The aspect of the Big Bang model
which some scientists and philosophers found uncomfortable was that it predicts the universe has a finite age and has its
origin in an initial explosive instant of creation. For some this seemed a bit too closed to the religious notion of creation.
| Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation |
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* The universe today is filled both with matter and radiation, but the radiation today makes up only a tiny fraction of the
total energy density. In the early stages, however, the energy density of the radiation was much greater than that of the
matter. The temperature of the radiation decreases as the universe expands. Eventually, 300,000 years later after the B. B.,
the temperature drops to 3000 K. At his temperature, protons and electrons
combine together to make neutral atomic hydrogen, and the universe
becomes transparent to radiation. The radiation continues to cool as the universe expands until it reaches today's temperature
of 27 K... The microwave background radiation detected with telescopes today gives a picture of the smooth isotropic
universe as it was 300,000 years after the Big Ben.
| Electromagnetic Spectrum (NASA) |
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The Catastrophe Model of Human History
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* Dr. Velikovsky: Partenered for three years
with Einstein in editing the Scripta Universitatis Atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitarum that laid down the foundation
of Hebrew University. Velikovsky's model: Change is not always gradual but s sometimes directed by massive natural
disasters. Venus was ripped from the body of Jupiter in relatively recent
times and careed in an erratic orbit around the solar system causing gravitational and magnetic havoc on Earth. His
theory led him to make certain predictions that were subsequently verified.
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* All traces back to Uranus.
Negative energy causing
hurricanes, earthquakes,
floods...
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To be continued...
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